Monday, November 19, 2012
What Islam offers the Earth
One
of the amazing things that strike the reader of the Quran is its
significant and multifaceted emphasis on the relationship of man to the
environment. This is not merely about self, family and surroundings.
It’s about the whole universe—heavens and earth—and all of Allaah’s
magnificent creation in them. I'm talking about all the constituents of
what some call "nature," and down to the details: It’s geological
foundations, waters, steady and violent shifts and movements, and its
countless, varied forms of life and existence, and how it cycles and
sustains them.
I
know many scientists whom the Quran simply over-awed once they realized
what it says about life, nature, and the universe. They were seized by
the literally hundreds of Quranic verses that discuss and give guidance
about the issues of the environment—all the ones we are suddenly talking
about today, and plenty more that haven’t even come into view yet. What
grabbed them was the realization that Allaah Almighty clearly knew how
abusive unguided man would be to his planetary home.
Just
look at what we have brought upon ourselves and our innocent fellows in
creation in but the last handful of decades. Perhaps this is why I too
now find reading the Quran's beautiful, moving, and harrowing
"environmental" verses so spiritually and intellectually uplifting.
Allaah Almighty Says what means: “The creation of the heavens and earth is greater than the creation of mankind, but most of the people do not know.” [Quran 40:57] Or: “And
there is no creature on [or within] the earth or bird that flies with
its wings except [that they are] communities like you. We have not
neglected in the Register a thing. Then unto their Lord they will be
gathered.” [Quran 6:38]
In
light of the unprecedented environmental crises we are facing today, I
thought to speak to a bit of what Islam has to offer man to help him get
the balance back in his life and restore his intimate and timeless
relationship with creation. I call them Islam’s Five Environmental
Commandments:
One: Man is part of the environment
Man,
literally in sum and substance, is of the environment. Thus he must
feel and live in harmony with it. Both man and his environment are the
creation of the God—and both are worshippers of Him—with the technical
exception that man has the will to refuse to worship and obey God
willingly, though he does it unwillingly from moment to moment. Allaah
Says what means “The seven heavens and the
earth and whatever is in them exalt Him. And there is not a thing except
that it exalts [Allaah] by His praise, but you do not understand their
[way of] exalting. Indeed, He is ever Forbearing and Forgiving.” [Quran
17:44] And even though the earth and surroundings were created long
before man, the end of both is virtually synchronous—the end of
time—hence, the implicit benefit to man for leading an environmentally
friendly lifestyle. A corollary of this determinant is that the
environmental crisis is a human matter and cooperation on meeting its
challenges should, therefore, not be hampered by religious or other
differences.
Two: Man is trustee of the environment
Man
has accepted God's decree of Khilaafah (vicegerency, read verse 2:30),
which makes him responsible to use the environment to achieve his
God-given purpose in this life, with the condition that he maintains it
for future generations, which have as much right to it as their
predecessors. The Prophet 
said: “People (past and future generations included) share alike in water, air, and herbage." [Abu Daawood]
Three: Man shall be fair to the environment
Man
cannot, and will not, fulfill or be true to his custodianship of the
earth without creation-wide fairness. The Quran could not be more
unequivocal when it comes to this principle. Man shall be fair in
leading his life in this world because God created it in a balanced
state. Should he fail, unwarranted injustice will lead to creation's
disruption and its inability to continue supporting man's needs for a
hospitable habitation. Read and ponder the import of verses which mean: “The
sun and the moon [move] by precise calculation, and the stars and trees
prostrate. And the heaven He raised and imposed the balance. That you
not transgress within the balance. And establish weight in justice and
do not make deficient the balance.” [Quran 55:5-9]
Four: Man shall not spread mischief in the Land
Man must realize that God forbids harm, big and small, to one's self and all others. The Prophet said: “There is no reason to) harm or reciprocate harm.” [Ibn Maajah] And Allaah Says (what means): “And
cause not corruption upon the earth after its reformation. And invoke
Him in fear and aspiration. Indeed, the mercy of Allaah is near to the
doers of good.” [Quran 7:56] Many scientists and
activists believe that efforts to restore a healthy balance to the
environment will never be achieved to any viable degree in the face of
the unfathomable destruction of our wars of greed.
Five: Man shall follow a model of moderation and conservation
Most
people do not grasp that much of the pollution comes from a culture of
consumerism, whose primary effect is waste. It is unfortunate that
people in the underdeveloped world, including Muslims, have embraced
being consumers and wasters. The Quran is true in depicting this
tendency of man, especially when resources become abundant. Allaah Says
(what means): “Competition in [worldly] increase diverts you. Until you visit the graveyards.” [Quran 102:1-2] But abundance does not justify wastage. God Almighty prohibits this. He Almighty Says what means: “Indeed, the wasteful are brothers of the devils, and ever has Satan been to his Lord ungrateful.” [Quran
17:27] Insatiable pursuit of increased materials combined with
technological advancement has given some nations unprecedented control
over man and his environment. But history tells us that these are signs
that civilizations are doomed to perish.
The facts of life, confirmed by science
Materialist
philosophy lies at the basis of the theory of evolution. Materialism
rests on the supposition that everything that exists is matter.
According to this philosophy, matter has existed since eternity, will
continue to exist forever and there is nothing but matter. In order to
provide support for their claim, materialists use logic called
“reductionism”. This is the idea that things which are not observable,
can also be explained by material causes.
To
make matters clearer, let us take the example of the human mind. It is
evident that the mind cannot be touched or seen. Moreover, it has no
center in the human brain. This situation unavoidably leads us to the
conclusion that the mind is a concept beyond matter. Therefore, the
being which we refer to as “I,” who thinks, loves, gets nervous,
worries, feels pleasure or pain, is not a material being in the same way
as a sofa, a table or a stone.
Materialists,
however, claim that mind is “reducible to matter.” According to the
materialist claim, thinking, loving, worrying and all our mental
activities are nothing but chemical reactions taking place between the
atoms in the brain. Feelings of love and fear are merely chemical
reactions in some cells in our brain. The famous materialist philosopher
Karl Vogt stressed this logic with his famous words: “Just as the liver
secretes gall, so do our brains, secrete thought.” (Encyclopedia
Britannica). However, gall is matter, whereas there is no evidence that
thought is the same.
One
of the most prominent features of this picture is “information” which
is present in nature and can never be reduced to matter.
Matter cannot produce information
There
is incredibly comprehensive information contained in the DNA of living
things. Something as small as a hundred thousandth of a millimeter
contains a sort of “data bank” that specifies all the physical details
of the body of a living thing. Moreover, the body also contains a system
that reads this information, interprets it and carries out “production”
in line with it. In all living cells, the information in the DNA is
“read” by various enzymes and proteins are produced according to this
information. This system makes the production of millions of proteins
possible every second, with the required type of protein for specific
places needed in our bodies. In this way, dead eye cells are replaced by
living ones and old blood cells by new ones.
At
this point, let us consider the claim of Materialism: Is it possible
that the information in DNA could be reduced to matter, as materialists
suggest? Or, in other words, can it be accepted that DNA is merely a
collection of matter, and the information it contains came about as a
result of the random interactions of such pieces of matter?
All the scientific research, experiments and observations carried out in the 20th
century CE show that the answer to this question is a definite “No.”
The director of the German Federal Physics and Technology Institute,
Professor Dr. Werner Gitt has this to say on the issue: “A coding system
always entails a nonmaterial intellectual process. A physical matter
cannot produce an information code. All experiences show that every
piece of creative information represents some mental idea-giver who
exercised his own free will, and who is endowed with an intelligent
mind. There is no known law of nature, no known process and no known
sequence of events which can cause information to originate by itself in
matter.” (Werner Gitt. In the Beginning Was Information).
Werner
Gitt’s words summarize the conclusions of the “information theory”
which has been developed in the last 50 years and is accepted as a part
of thermodynamics. Information theory investigates the origin and nature
of the information in the universe. The conclusion reached by
information theoreticians as a result of long studies is that
“Information is something different from matter. It can never be reduced
to matter. The origin of information and physical matter must be
investigated separately.”
For
instance, let us think of the source of a book. A book consists of
paper, ink and the information it contains. Paper and ink are material
elements. Their source is matter: Paper is made of cellulose and ink of
certain chemicals. However, the information in the book is non-material
and cannot have a material source. The source of the information in each
book is the mind of the person who wrote it.
Moreover,
this mind determines how paper and ink will be used. A book initially
forms in the mind of the writer. The writer builds a chain of logic in
his mind and orders his sentences. As a second step, he puts them into a
material form, which is to say that he translates the information in
his mind into letters, using a pen, a typewriter or a computer. Later,
these letters are printed in a publishing house and take the shape of a
book made up of papers and ink.
We
can therefore state this general conclusion: “If physical matter
contains information, then that matter must have been designed by a mind
that possessed the information in question. First, there is the mind.
That mind translates the information it possesses into matter, which
constitutes the act of design.”
The origin of information in Nature
When
we apply this scientific definition of information to Nature, a very
important result ensues. This is because Nature overflows with an
immense body of information (for example in the case of DNA, and since
this information cannot be reduced to matter, it therefore comes from a
source beyond matter.) This fact is revealed as in the following verse
in the Quran (which means): “They said: ‘Exalted
are You! We have no knowledge except what You have taught us. Indeed, it
is You who is the Knowing, the Wise.’” [Quran 2: 32]
One
of the foremost advocates of the theory of evolution, George C.
Williams, admits this reality, which most materialists and evolutionists
are reluctant to see. Williams has strongly defended Materialism for
years, but in an article he wrote in 1995, he states the incorrectness
of the materialist (reductionist) approach which holds everything is
matter: “Evolutionary biologists have failed to realize that they work
with two more or less incommensurable domains: that of information and
that of matter. These two domains will never be brought together in any
kind of the sense usually implied by the term “reductionism.” The gene
is a package of information, not an object. In biology, when you are
talking about things like genes and genotypes and gene pools, you are
talking about information, not physical objective reality. This dearth
of shared descriptors makes matter and information two separate domains
of existence, which have to be discussed separately, in their own
terms.” (George C. Williams. The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific
Revolution).
Therefore,
contrary to the supposition of materialists, the source of the
information in nature cannot be matter itself. The source of information
is not matter, but a superior Wisdom beyond matter. This Wisdom existed
prior to matter. Matter was brought into existence, given form and
organized by the Creator of the Heavens, the Earth and all that exists.
Harvesting the Chaff
Despite
the improvement of the economic conditions of workers in Europe, the
socio-economic status of the woman is still critical. The woman still
earns half of the salary of the man in most fields of work, if not all.
If a woman wants to marry, she has to relinquish her name and the name
of her father to become a subordinate to her husband even if in terms of
name. In many cases, she has no right to dispose of her property except
with the permission of her husband. Many readers will be astonished to
know that it is the woman in many cultures who pays the dowry to the
man, not vice versa -- although many Westerners nowadays do not follow
this practice. Moreover, the man is not responsible for the financial
maintenance of his wife.
On
the other hand, Islam gave the woman her independent character and
identity. She cannot be married except after her permission and consent.
She does not change her name, but keeps her father's name and family
name after marriage. She has the complete authority to dispose of her
property without taking her husband’s permission. She does not have to
support herself or her children financially even if she is rich and her
husband is poor. If she spends any money, then it is considered as
charity given to her husband or a debt that he has to pay back when he
has the means to do so.
The
status of the Western woman, who still struggles to earn her living in
return for mean wages that men would not usually accept, is pathetic.
Because
of the deteriorating economic and social conditions, she has become an
easy prey to the middlemen of the international prostitution trade. She
is also used to promote goods. We always find the photo of a charming
woman in advertisements even if the advertisement has nothing to do with
women.
The
commercial mind thinks actively and employs a group of women in stores
and offices under the supervision of a man or two men in order to
regulate work and intellectually, physically and sexually dominate the
women.Because of these deteriorating conditions, the woman suffers from
loneliness, from which she escapes into the arms of any man, who soon
gets bored with her and takes another. The woman has to take
contraceptive pills early. As a result, officials in the West have found
themselves obliged to teach schoolgirls how to use contraceptives.
Nevertheless, there are thousands of young girls who become pregnant
every year due to their inadequate knowledge about contraceptives.
Therefore, mentors and officials instituted programs to teach the use of
contraceptives in secondary schools, then in preparatory schools and
finally in primary schools when they found that very young girls fall
prey to pregnancy the most. Officials are not concerned with the spread
of fornication and prostitution; rather, their concern is focused on
circulating contraceptives among children.
Western
laws had to legalize abortion, even if they did so reluctantly. Cases
of abortion spread to the extent that a million cases of abortion take
place every year in the US. About the same number of abortions takes
place in Europe.
Statistics
reveal that most suicide cases take place among young girls who live an
anxious desperate life. For the first time in the history of medicine,
collective cases of cruel battering of young children have appeared.
These cases mostly end up in death or in physical and mental damage.
The
woman brought all these calamities and afflictions upon herself through
the misfortune of her going out of her home to work in offices and
factories. Actually, we are doing the European woman an injustice,
because she did not work outside her home willingly. She was forced to
go outside her home to work in search of a living after the capitalists
demolished the family by taking the father to the furnace of the
factories and the cellars of mines. The woman, at that time, had to go
out searching for provision. Hands received her and desires exploited
her. In order to achieve the goals of the Jews, all means of treachery,
apparent and hidden means of crime were used to demolish values and
morals and increase the unending greed of the capitalists.
Oxidation in the blood
Allaah Almighty Says (what means): “No! Rather, what they have earned has rusted up their hearts." [Quran 83:14]
The
term ‘rusted’ used to describe hearts in verse of the chapter
Al-Mutaffifeen may be a reference to biochemical reaction that takes
place in the heart—Allaah knows the truth. Rust is the result of iron
reacting with oxygen – oxidation.
The
oxygen we absorb from the air is carried through the body thanks to the
iron in the hemoglobin in the blood. During this process, the oxygen
reacts with the iron in the blood. This means there is a constant
process resembling rusting in the blood in the human body, and therefore
in the heart, the center of the circulation system.
An
excess of iron in the blood can even lead to premature aging in all the
body's cells by causing rust-like oxidation. In the disease known as
`hemochromatosis,' caused by excess iron accumulating in the body, iron
produces toxic effects and causes organs such as the liver to collapse.
Since this is the result of iron oxidation, this phenomenon is often
described as organs `rusting' or `rust accumulation' in organs. In the
journal Science News, Dr. Sharon McDonnell describes the iron oxidation
in cells making up organs as `rusting'.
Another
reference says this about the disease: "...those with hemochromatosis
absorb iron, storing it in their organs. Over time, it accumulates in
toxic amounts, causing organs to fail because they literally rust."
It is only possible to identify the reaction of iron with oxygen in the
body—oxidation in the blood—in laboratories with highly advanced
equipment. The fact that such a comparison, so compatible with the
scientific data, appears in the Quran is an evident miracle, given the
time when the Quran was revealed. The fact that the Quran also contains
countless other pieces of information all in agreement with modern
science is another sign that it is the revelation of Omniscient Allaah,
our Lord and the Creator of all things.
The mother’s womb with its secure protection
Allaah Almighty Says (what means): "Did
We not create you from a liquid disdained? And We placed it in a firm
lodging for a known extent. And We determined [it], and excellent [are
We] to determine.” [Quran 77: 20-23]
And, "And
certainly did We create man from an extract of clay. Then We placed him
as a sperm-drop in a firm lodging. Then We made the sperm-drop into a
clinging clot, and We made the clot into a lump [of flesh], and We made
[from] the lump, bones, and We covered the bones with flesh; then We
developed him into another creation. So blessed is Allaah, the best of
creators.” [Quran 23: 12-14]
The
above verses about the creation of human beings contain fundamental
information from the field of embryology. The description of the womb as
a "secure receptacle" indicates an important feature that has been
better understood through modern science—Allaah knows the truth. The
process that begins with the zygote, produced by the sperm and egg cells
coming together and continues until the emergence of a complete human
being, made up of trillions of cells all working in harmony, takes. The
word "makeen," translated as `secure' above, also suggests such meanings
as `unshakeable, sound, resolute, powerful, fixed and safely put in
place.' The word "karaar" also means `location, stability, permanence
and place of settlement: These words very wisely describe the womb as a
sound and safe location. The mother's womb provides insulation against
external agents, light and sound, and particularly protects the baby
against shock and pressure.
Located
in the pelvic cavity, the womb is well protected by the thick and
strong bones that surround' endometrium’ on the inside, helping bear the
weight of the embryo until the end of pregnancy. This structure made up
of powerful muscles is ideally constructed for the baby's growth and
development. During pregnancy, the ligaments attaching the bones in the
region together become thicker and longer. These ligaments that attach
the top of the womb to the strong pelvic bones make the womb strong and
stable.
The
embryo also has a source of the heat, water, oxygen and nutrients it
needs during the course of its development. The mother's womb undergoes
many changes that enhance its strength during pregnancy. Together with
the muscles, ligaments and elastic tissues it contains, there is also an
increase in the number of blood vessels and nerves. The womb is thus
able to increase 20 times in more elasticity. The constant changes in
the womb continue even after the embryo has grown into a healthy baby
many hundreds of times larger than its initial state. The womb now
changes in such a way as to permit the baby to exit in a healthy manner.
During
pregnancy, another most miraculous state of affairs regarding the
protection of the baby comes about. The baby is also protected against
internal threats. When a foreign body enters the body, such as during an
organ or bone—arrow transplant, the host's defense system begins
reacting, and this can sometimes lead to fatal consequences. But that
never happens to the fetus, and the mother's immune system does not
regard it as a foreign body. It is extraordinary how the mother's immune
system tolerates foreign genes from the father; because the baby is 50
percent foreign body. Marianne van den Heuvel, a scientist from Guelph
University, describes this as `fascinating' and continues: `That was
always a puzzle from an immunology standpoint because the fetus is
actually foreign. It's part of the mother and "It's part of the mother
and also part of the father. It should be rejected by the body...,” but,
by the will of Allaah, no such thing happens, and the womb remains a
very safe and secure place.
All
the information about embryology provided in the Quran is in full
agreement with modern medicine. This information, which has emerged
through advanced technology, is one of the clearest proofs that the
Quran is the revelation of our Lord, the Creator of all. It is also
revealed in the Quran, which is full of information from hundreds of
years ago that sheds light on the scientific world of today, that:
Allaah Almighty Says what means: "And in the creation of yourselves and what He disperses of moving creatures are signs for people who are certain [in faith]." [Quran 45:04]
The myth of 'self organization of matter'
One
person distinguished by his efforts to marry thermodynamics and
evolution is the Belgian scientist Ilya Prigogine. Starting out from the
'Chaos Theory', Prigogine proposed a number of hypotheses in which
ordered forms come into existence from chaos (disorder). He argued that
some open systems can portray a decrease in entropy due to an influx of
outer energy and the resultant outcome “ordering”, is a proof that
“matter can organize itself.” Since then, the concept of the
“self-organization of matter” has been quite popular among evolutionists
and materialists. They act like they have found a materialistic origin
for the complexity of life and a materialistic solution for the problem
of life’s origin.
But
a closer look reveals that this argument is totally abstract and in
fact just wishful thinking. Moreover, it includes a very naïve
deception. The deception is the deliberate confusion of two distinct
concepts, “self organization” and “self ordering.”
We
can explain it by an example. Imagine a sea shore with different types
of stones mixed with each other -- big stones, smaller stones and very
tiny ones. When a strong wave hits the shore, there may appear an
“ordering” among the stones. The water will raise the ones with equal
weights in equal amounts. When the wave goes back, the stones may
possibly be ordered from the smallest to the biggest towards the sea.
This
is a “self ordering” process: the seashore is an open system and an
influx of energy (the wave) may cause an “ordering”. But note that the
same process can not make a castle of sand in the seashore. If we see a
castle made of sand, we are sure that someone has made it. The
difference between the castle and the “ordered” stones is that the
former includes a very unique complexity, while the latter includes only
repetitive order. It is like a typewriter typing “aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa” for
hundreds of times – because an object (an influx of energy) fell onto
the letter “a” on the keyboard. Of course, such a repetitive order of
“a” s does not include any information and thus any complexity. You need
a conscious mind to have a complex sequence of letters that includes
information.
The
same thing applies when wind enters a room full of dust. Before this
influx, the dust may be scattered around. When the wind comes in, the
dust may be collected in a corner of the room. This is “self ordering”.
But the dust never “self organizes” itself and creates a picture of a
man on the floor of the room.
These
examples are quite similar to the ‘self organization' scenarios of
evolutionists. They argue that matter has a tendency for self
organization, then give examples of self ordering and then try to
confuse both concepts. Prigogine himself gave examples of self ordering
molecules during influx of energy. The American scientists Thaxton,
Bradley and Olsen, in their book titled The Mystery of Life’s Origin, explain this fact as follows:
“…In
each case random movements of molecules in a fluid are spontaneously
replaced by a highly ordered behavior." Prigogine, Eigen and others have
suggested that a similar sort of self-organization may be intrinsic in
organic chemistry and can potentially account for the highly complex
macromolecules essential for living systems, but such analogies have
scant relevance to the origin-of-life question. A major reason is that
they fail to distinguish between order and complexity.
"…
Regularity or order cannot serve to store the large amount of
information required by living systems. A highly irregular, but
specified structure is required rather than an ordered structure. This
is a serious flaw in the analogy offered. There is no apparent
connection between the kind of spontaneous ordering that occurs from
energy flow through such systems and the work required to build a
periodic information-intensive macromolecule like DNA protein.”
In fact, Prigogine himself had to accept that his arguments do no count for the origin of life. He said:
“The
problem of biological order involves the transition from the molecular
activity to the supermolecular order of the cell. This problem is far
from being solved.”
Then,
why do evolutionists still try to believe in unscientific scenarios
like “self organization of matter”? Why do they insist on rejecting the
manifest intelligence in living systems? The answer is that they have a
dogmatic faith in materialism and they believe that matter has some
mysterious power to create life. A professor of chemistry from New YorkUniversity and DNA expert, Robert Shapiro explains this belief of evolutionists and the materialist dogma lying at its base as follows:
“Another
evolutionary principle is therefore needed to take us across the gap
from mixtures of simple natural chemicals to the first effective
replicator. This principle has not yet been described in detail or
demonstrated, but it is anticipated, and given names such as chemical
evolution and self-organization of matter. The existence of the
principle is taken for granted in the philosophy of dialectical
materialism, as applied to the origin of life by Alexander Oparin.”
This
situation makes it clear that evolution is a dogma that is against
empirical science and the origin of living beings can only be explained
by the intervention of a supernatural power. That supernatural power
is Allaah (God), who created the entire universe from nothing. Science
has proven that evolution is still impossible as far as thermodynamics
is concerned and the existence of life has no explanation but
Creation.
Evolutionist claims and the facts
In
this article, we will address a number of biological phenomena and
concepts presented as theoretical evidence by evolutionists. These
topics are particularly important for they show that there is no
scientific finding that supports evolution, instead they reveal the
extent of the distortion employed by evolutionists.
Variations and Species
Variation
is a term used in genetics to refer to a genetic event that causes
individuals or groups of a certain species to harbor different
characteristics from one another. For example, all the people on earth
carry basically the same genetic information, yet some have slanted
eyes, some have red hair, some have long noses, or some are short or
tall depending on the extent of the variation potential of this genetic
information.
Evolutionists
predict the variations within a species as evidence of the theory.
However, variation does not constitute evidence for evolution, because
variations are merely the outcomes of different combinations of the
already existing genetic information and they do not add any new
characteristic to the genetic information.
Variation
always takes place within the limits of genetic information. In the
science of genetics, this limit is called the “gene pool”. All the
characteristics present in the gene pool of a species may come into view
in various ways due to variation. For example, as a result of variation
in a reptile species, there may appear varieties that have relatively
longer tails or shorter legs, since the information for both long and
short legs already exists in the gene pool. However, these variations do
not transform reptiles into birds by adding wings or feathers to them,
or by changing their metabolism. Such a change requires an increase in
the genetic information of the living thing, which is by no means
possible in variations.
Darwin
was not aware of this fact when he formulated his theory. He thought
that there was no limit to variations. In an article written in 1844 CE
he had stated: “That a limit to variation does exist in nature is
assumed by most authors, though I am unable to discover a single fact on
which this belief is grounded”. In The Origin of Species he cited different examples of variations as the most important evidence for his theory.
For instance, according to Darwin
animal breeders who mated different varieties of cattle in order to
bring about new varieties that produced more milk, were ultimately going
to transform them into a different species. Darwin’s notion of “unlimited variation” is best seen in the following sentence from The Origin of Species:
“I can see no difficulty in a race of bears being rendered, by natural
selection, more and more aquatic in their habits, with larger and larger
mouths, till a creature was produced as monstrous as a whale.”
The reason Darwin cited such a far-fetched example was the primitive understanding of science in his day. Since then, in the 20th
century CE, Science has posited the principle of “genetic stability”
(genetic homeostasis) based on the result of experiments conducted on
living things. This principle holds that all mating attempts carried out
to produce new variations were inconclusive and that there are strict
barriers among different species of living things. This meant that it
was absolutely impossible for animal breeders to convert cattle into a
different species by mating different variations of them as Darwin had postulated.
Norman Macbeth, who disproved Darwinism in his book Darwin Retired,
states: “The heart of the problem is whether living things do indeed
vary to an unlimited extent…The species look stable. We have all heard
of disappointed breeders who carried their work to a certain point only
to see the animals or plants revert to where they had started. Despite
strenuous efforts for two or three centuries, it has never been possible
to produce a blue rose or a black tulip.”
Luther
Burbank, considered the most competent breeder of all time, expressed
this fact when he said that: “there are limits to the development
possible and these limits follow a law.” In addressing this subject the
Danish scientist W.L. Johannsen commented:
“The
variations upon which Darwin and Wallace had placed their emphasis
cannot be selectively pushed beyond a certain point, that such
variability does not contain the secret of indefinite departure.”
It
is time that evolutionists were honest with themselves and realized
that Science has its limits; it can only be a means of understanding the
complex design underlying all Creation, it can never be a Creator
itself.
The water cycle and the seas in the Quran
When
the verses of the Quran concerning the role of water in man’s existence
are read in succession today, they appear to express ideas that are
obvious. The reason for this is simple: in our day and age, we all know
about the water cycle in nature to a greater or lesser extent.
However,
if we consider the various ancient concepts on this subject, it becomes
clear that the data in the Quran does not embody the mythical concepts
prevalent at the time of Revelation, that had developed more according
to philosophical speculation than observed phenomena. Although it was
empirically possible to acquire the useful practical knowledge necessary
to improve irrigation, the concepts held on the water cycle in general
would hardly be acceptable today.
Thus,
it would have been easy to imagine that underground water could have
come from the infiltration of precipitation in the soil. In ancient
times however, this idea, held by Virtuvius Polio Marcus in Rome 1st
century CE, was cited as an exception. Thereafter, for many centuries
(and the Quranic Revelation occurred during this period) man held
completely inaccurate views on the water cycle.
Two
specialists on this subject, G. Gastany and B. Blavoux, in their entry
in the Encyclopedia Universalis under the heading ‘Hydrogeology’, give
an edifying history of this problem.
“In the 7th
century CE, Thales of Miletus held the theory whereby the waters of the
oceans, under the effect of winds, were thrust towards the interior of
the continents; so the water fell upon the earth and penetrated into the
soil. Plato shared these views and thought that the return of the
waters to the oceans was via a great abyss, the ‘Tartarus’. Until the 18th
century CE, this theory had many supporters, one of whom was Descartes.
Aristotle imagined that the water vapour from the soil condensed in
cool mountain caverns and formed underground lakes that fed springs. He
was followed by Seneca (1st century CE) and many others, until 1877 CE, among them O. Volger …”
The
first clear formulation of the water cycle must be attributed to
Bernard Palissy in 1580 CE. He claimed that underground water came from
rainwater infiltrating into the soil. This theory was confirmed by E.
Mariotte and P. Perrault in the 17th century CE.
In
the following passages from the Quran, there is no trace of the
mistaken ideas that were current at the time of Prophet Muhammad .
.
The Quran says (what means): “We
sent down water from the sky, blessed water whereby We caused to grow
gardens, grains for harvest, tall palm-trees with their spathes, piled
one above the other – sustenance for (Our) servants. Therewith We gave
(new) life to a dead land. So will be the emergence (from the tombs).” [Quran 50:9-11]
And (what means): “We
sent down water from the sky in measure and lodged it in the ground.
And We certainly are able to withdraw it. Therewith for you We gave rise
to gardens of palm-trees and vineyards where for you are abundant
fruits and of them you eat.” [Quran 23: 18-19]
And (what means): “We
sent forth the winds that fecundate. We cause the water to descend from
the sky. We provide you with the water – you (could) not be the
guardians of its reserves.” [Quran 15:22]
There
are two possible interpretations of this last verse. The fecundating
winds may be taken to be the fertilizers of plants because they carry
pollen. However, this may be a figurative expression referring by
analogy to the role the wind plays in the process, whereby a
non-raincarrying cloud is turned into one that produces a shower of
rain.
The Quran says (what means): “Allaah
is the One Who sends forth the winds which raised up the clouds. He
spreads them in the sky as He wills and breaks them into fragments. Then
thou seest raindrops issuing from within them. He makes them reach such
of His servants as He wills. And they are rejoicing.” [Quran 30:48]
And (what means): “(Allaah)
is the One Who sends forth the winds like heralds of His Mercy. When
they have carried the heavy-laden clouds, We drive them to a dead land.
Then We cause water to descend and thereby bring forth fruits of every
kind. Thus We will bring forth the dead. Maybe you will remember.” [Quran 7:57]
And (what means): “Hast
thou not seen that Allaah sent water down from the sky and led it
through sources into the ground? Then He caused sown fields of different
colors to grow.” [Quran 39:21]
And (what means): “Therein We placed gardens of palm-trees and vineyards and We caused water springs to gush forth.” [Quran 36:34]
The
importance of springs and the way they are fed by rainwater conducted
into them is stressed in the last three verses. It is worth pausing to
examine this fact and call to mind the predominance in the Middle Ages
of views such as those held by Aristotle, according to whom springs were
fed by underground lakes. In his entry on Hydrology in the Encyclopedia
Universalis, M.R. Remenieras, a teacher at the French National School
of Agronomy (Ecole nationale du Genie rural, des Eaux et Forets),
describes the main stages of hydrology and refers to the magnificent
irrigation works of the ancients, particularly in the Middle East.
However, he notes that an empirical outlook ruled over everything, since
the ideas of the time proceeded from mistaken concepts. He continues as
follows:
“It
was not until the Renaissance (between circa 1400 and 1600 CE) that
purely philosophical concepts gave way to research based on the
objective observation of hydrologic phenomena. Leonardo da Vinci
(1452-1519 CE) rebelled against Aristotle’s statements. Bernard Palissy,
in his Wonderful Discourse on the Nature of Waters and Fountains both
Natural and Artificial (Discours admirable de la nature des eaux et
fontaines tant naturelles qu’artificielles; Paris, 1570) gives a correct
interpretation of the water cycle and especially of the way springs are
fed by rainwater.”
This
last statement is surely exactly what is mentioned in the Quran
(chapter 39, verse 21) describing the way rainwater is conducted into
sources in the ground.
The subject of chapter 24, verse 43, is rain and hail (which means):
“Hast
thou not seen that God makes the clouds move gently, then joins them
together, then makes them a heap. And thou seest raindrops issuing from
within it. He sends down from the sky mountains of hail, He strikes
therewith whom He wills and He turns it away from whom He wills. The
flashing of its lightning almost snatches away the sight.”
The following passage requires some comment (which means):
“Have you observed the water you drink? Do you bring it down from the rainclouds? Or do We? If it were Our will, We could make it salty. Then why are you not thankful?” [Quran 56: 68-70]
This
reference to the fact that God could have made fresh water salty is a
way of expressing Divine Omnipotence. Another means of reminding us of
the same Omnipotence is the challenge to man to make rainfall from the
clouds. In modern times however, technology has surely made it possible
to create rain artificially. Can one therefore oppose the statement in
the Quran to man’s ability to produce precipitations?
The
answer is no, because it seems clear that one must take account of
man’s limitations in this field. M.A. Facy, an expert at the French
Meteorological Office, wrote the following in the Encyclopedia
Universalis under the heading Precipitations: “It will never be possible
to make rain fall from a cloud that does not have the suitable
characteristics of a raincloud or one that has not yet reached the
appropriate stage of evolution (maturity).” Therefore, man can never
hasten the precipitation process by technical means, when the natural
conditions for it are not present. If this were not the case, droughts
would never occur in practice – which they obviously do. Thus, to have
control over rain and fine weather still remains a dream.
Man
cannot willfully break the established cycle that maintains the
circulation of water in nature. This cycle may be outlined as follows,
according to modern ideas on hydrology:
The
heat from the sun’s rays causes the water from the sea and other water
surfaces on Earth to evaporate. The water vapour that is given off rises
into the atmosphere and, by condensation, forms clouds. The winds then
intervene and move the clouds thus formed over varying distances. The
clouds can then either disperse without producing rain, or combine their
mass with others to create even greater condensation, or they can
fragment and produce rain at some stages in their evolution. When rain
reaches the sea (70 percent of the Earth’s surface is covered by
water), the cycle is soon repeated. When rain falls on the land, it may
be absorbed by vegetation aid its growth; the vegetation in its turn
gives off water and thus returns some water to the atmosphere. The rest,
to a lesser or greater extent, infiltrates into the soil, from where it
is either conducted through channels into the sea, or comes back to the
Earth’s surface network through springs or resurgences.
When
one compares the modern data of hydrology to what is contained in the
numerous verses of the Quran quoted in this paragraph, one has to admit
that there is a remarkable degree of agreement between them.
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